Mouse-sized Early Permian Klastomycter enters the LRT
Reisz RR, Rowe DCT and Bevitt J 2024
described Klastomycter (Fig 1) as a relative of the basal lepidosauromorph, Acleistorhinus. That is what was also recovered in the large reptile tree (LRT, 2326 taxa).
Unfortunately, these three authors promoted and continued the myth of the invalid clade, Parareptilia, which the lead author and team leader defined in Laurin and Reisz 1995.
Evidently, that myth, like so many others, is hard to let go.
Cherry-picking taxa (Fig 2) = taxon exclusion has been the problem since 1995,
resolved here in 2012.
Figure 1. Klastomycter from Reisz et al 2024. Colors added here.
” data-medium-file=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/klastomycter-skull588.jpg?w=193″ data-large-file=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/klastomycter-skull588.jpg?w=584″ class=”size-full wp-image-90075″ src=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/klastomycter-skull588.jpg” alt=”Figure 1. Klastomycter from Reisz et al 2024. Colors added here.” width=”584″ height=”910″ srcset=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/klastomycter-skull588.jpg?w=584&h=910 584w, https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/klastomycter-skull588.jpg?w=96&h=150 96w, https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/klastomycter-skull588.jpg?w=193&h=300 193w, https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/klastomycter-skull588.jpg 588w” sizes=”(max-width: 584px) 100vw, 584px” />
Figure 1. Klastomycter from Reisz et al 2024. Standard DGS colors added here.
Here is a partial timeline
for the ongoing academic myth of the traditional, but invalid clade ‘Parareptilia’.
Gauthier et al. 1988 nested traditional parareptiles together as a clade, but did not erect Parareptilia as a formal taxon. That was during the earliest days of software assisted phylogenetic analysis.
Testing more taxa in 2012 the LRT (subset Fig 3) split apart members of that clade.
Figure 1. Cladogram of parareptilies from Reisz et al 2024. Color boxes and notes added here.
” data-medium-file=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/reisz2024klastomycter.cladogram.jpg?w=207″ data-large-file=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/reisz2024klastomycter.cladogram.jpg?w=584″ class=”size-full wp-image-90079″ src=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/reisz2024klastomycter.cladogram.jpg” alt=”Figure 1. Cladogram of parareptilies from Reisz et al 2024. Color boxes and notes added here.” width=”584″ height=”847″ srcset=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/reisz2024klastomycter.cladogram.jpg?w=584&h=847 584w, https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/reisz2024klastomycter.cladogram.jpg?w=103&h=150 103w, https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/reisz2024klastomycter.cladogram.jpg?w=207&h=300 207w, https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/reisz2024klastomycter.cladogram.jpg 588w” sizes=”(max-width: 584px) 100vw, 584px” />
Figure 2. Cladogram of parareptilies from Reisz et al 2024. Color boxes and notes added here. Members of the Archosauromorpha are shuffled in here due to taxon exclusion. Compare to the LRT in figure 2.
Laurin and Reisz 1995 divided Reptilia into Eureptilia and Parareptilia based on cherry-picking taxa (Fig 2). They defined Parareptilia as “Testudines and all amniotes more closely related to them than to diapsids”. Mesosaurs were placed outside both groups, as the sister taxon to the crown group Reptilia.
After testing more taxa, the LRT (subset Fig 3) does not confirm that division. Mesosaurs are not basal reptiles in the LRT.
Tsuji and Müller 2009 redefined Parareptilia as “the most inclusive clade containing Milleretta rubidgei and Procolophon trigoniceps, but not Captorhinus aguti.”
After testing more taxa, the LRT (subset Fig 3) does not confirm that definition.
Ford and Benson 2020 found Parareptilia was nested within Diapsida as the sister group to Neodiapsida, with the clade containing Neodiapsida + Parareptilia newly dubbed ‘Neoreptilia’.
After testing more taxa, the LRT (subset Fig 3) does not confirm that recovery.
Not yet realized by current academic workers, reptiles with a diapsid skull architecture evolved at least twice by convergence in the LRT.
Figure 3. Subset of the LRT focusing on basal lepidosauromorpha, now including Klastomycter. Tan taxa are those tested by Reisz et al indicating how many taxa were excluded from their 2024 study on Klastomycter.
” data-medium-file=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/lrtsubset588.jpg?w=95″ data-large-file=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/lrtsubset588.jpg?w=324″ class=”size-full wp-image-90081″ src=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/lrtsubset588.jpg” alt=”Figure 3. Subset of the LRT focusing on basal lepidosauromorpha, now including Klastomycter. Tan taxa are those tested by Reisz et al indicating how many taxa were excluded from their 2024 study on Klastomycter.” width=”584″ height=”1846″ srcset=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/lrtsubset588.jpg?w=584&h=1846 584w, https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/lrtsubset588.jpg?w=47&h=150 47w, https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/lrtsubset588.jpg?w=95&h=300 95w, https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/lrtsubset588.jpg 588w” sizes=”(max-width: 584px) 100vw, 584px” />
Figure 3. Subset of the LRT focusing on basal lepidosauromorpha, now including Klastomycter. Tan taxa are those tested by Reisz et al indicating how many taxa were excluded from their 2024 study on Klastomycter in figure 2.
In 2011 the LRT recovered the first dichotomy
following the last common ancestor of all reptiles = amniotes split Lepidosauromorpha from Archosauromorpha using standard definitions for both. Members of the traditional clade, Parareptilia (Fig 2), did not nest together in the LRT as far back as 2012.
That means Paraeptilia represents a polyphyletic group, not a monophyletic group.
Klastomycter conodentatus
(Reisz, Rowe and Bevitt 2024, early Permian, 289 mya) is a relative of Acleistorhinus in the LRT (Fig 3) and Delorhynchus in the original paper. That study was hobbled by taxon exclusion and continued belief in the invalid clade, Parareptilia (Fig 2).
References
Ford DP and Benson RB 2020. The phylogeny of early amniotes and the affinities of Parareptilia and Varanopidae. Nature Ecology & Evolution. 4 (1): 57–65.
Gauthier JA, Kluge AG, Rowe T 1988. The early evolution of the Amniota. In Benton MJ (ed.). The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods, Volume 1: Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds. Systematics Association Special Volume. Vol. 35A. Clarendon Press. pp. 103–155.
Laurin M and Reisz RR 1995. A reevaluation of early amniote phylogeny. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 113 (2): 165–223.
Müller J and Tsuji LA 2007. Impedance-matching hearing in Paleozoic reptiles: evidence of advanced sensory perception at an early stage of amniote evolution. PLOS ONE. 2 (9): e889.
Reisz RR, Rowe DCT and Bevitt JJ 2024. Klastomycter conodentatus, gen et sp. nov., a small early Permian parareptile with conical teeth from Richards Spur, Oklahoma. PeerJ 12:e18393 http://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.18393
wiki/Acleistorhinus
wiki/Dendromaia
wiki/Klastomycter – not yet posted
wiki/Delorhynchus
wiki/Parareptilia
Source: https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/2024/11/28/mouse-sized-early-permian-klastomycter-enters-the-lrt/
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